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Autour de l’astigmatisme

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Astigmatisme_yeux_vision_trouble_visuel

L’astigmatisme correspond à une anomalie de courbure de la cornée qui, au lieu d’être ronde, elle adopte plutôt une forme irrégulière ovale.

Caractérisé par des difficultés de voir de près comme de loin, ce défaut entraîne une vision floue, imprécise, déformée ou dédoublée. La personne astigmate (enfant, adolescent ou adulte) peine alors à distinguer entre les contrastes horizontales (astigmatisme direct conforme), verticales (astigmatisme inverse) et obliques (astigmatisme oblique). De plus, elle a tendance à confondre entre les lettres proches comme le M et le N, le E et le B ou encore entre les chiffres 0 et 8. En revanche si le défaut est faible, l’astigmate n’éprouve généralement pas une gêne notable.

Par ailleurs, bien qu’il puisse être isolé, l’astigmatisme peut aussi être associé à la myopie ou à l’hypermétropie, ce qui accentue le trouble visuel et provoque une fatigue oculaire.

L’astigmatisme est le plus souvent congénital. Cela dit, il peut être acquis. En effet, une lésion de la cornée due à un accident grave ou à une opération de l’œil peut être à l’origine de cette anomalie. Le kératocône peut lui aussi provoquer une forme sévère d’astigmatisme.

Son traitement repose sur le port de lunettes, de lentilles de contact et sur la chirurgie réfractive.

Pour essayer de compenser la courbure irrégulière de la cornée, les verres des lunettes doivent être de forme torique avec des puissances différentes. C’est pourquoi, il faut éviter les montures rondes où les verres peuvent pivoter.

En ce qui concerne les lentilles de contact, les plus adaptées sont celles de type flexible ou torique. Quant à la chirurgie réfractive, elle consiste à entailler la cornée afin de supprimer la courbure et rendre à celle-ci sa forme régulière, et donc sphérique.

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